Thursday, December 26, 2019

The Kite Runner and the Caste System Essay - 1844 Words

I chose to do my paper on the caste system. The caste system is an inherited social ranking of the classes and plays an important role throughout the Kite Runner. The book sates that there needs to be an order of the people to make sense of things worthwhile. The two boys try to defy that the caste system is nothing more than a state of mind. The Afghan people feel alienated from their own history because of the caste system. Kite fighting is a perfect example of the caste system. One has the fighter who attacks other kites, and the runner who chases he fallen kites. Hassan who is a Shia while Amir is Pashtun and has many more opportunities available to him because of his social class. Although they are friends, Amir is hesitant†¦show more content†¦The novel centers on the theme of social class, a key factor that separates the world of Amir from Hassan and tries to hinder their true friendship from blossoming. As what caste system suggests, those who are under the dominant and powerful party must adhere to rendering service to those in the upper class. True enough, in the novel, Hassan respects and admires upper-class Amir amid neighborhood bullies and intimidation which make them stick together through any hindrance. It is in their friendship that the concept of caste system is explicated. A Caste System is a distinctive kind of social structure which divides people in accordance with inherited social status. According to Pruthi, [A] caste system manifests itself as a vertical structure in which individual castes are hierarchically graded and kept permanently apart, and at the same time, are linked by well defined expectations and obligations† (Pruthi). In the stirring and humane novel, The Kite Runner, by Khaled Hosseini, the caste system is viewed intricately within the friendship of Amir and Hassan. The novel depicts the story of these two characters who live within the boundaries of social status and who try to defy that the caste system is nothing more than a state of mind. The novel portrays the challenges seen through the bounds of the caste system and are felt by the main characters. In Hosseini’s moving elegy, Amir’s personal quest is a vivid picture of the entire Afghan cultureShow MoreRelatedEssay on The Kite Runner Relationship and Symbo lism1662 Words   |  7 Pagesin ‘The Kite Runner’ to present key relationships? You should consider different reader responses and the extent to which your critical approach assists your interpretation. In Khaled Hosseini’s novel, ‘The Kite Runner’, it is often thought that symbols and metaphors are used as visual representations to reinforce and put emphasis on important stages in the novel. In can be seen that symbols are used in the novel to highlight particular moments in key relationships. For example Kites, the PomegranateRead MoreKite Runner Reflection1367 Words   |  6 PagesAmir concludes the first chapter of The Kite Runner with a reflection, â€Å"I thought about the life I had lived until the winter of 1975 came along and changed everything. And made me what I am today† (Hosseini 2). Every action Amir takes, planned or unplanned, has an outcome that he will have to live with. For instance, the unplanned decision Amir made to hide behind a wall while his friend, Hassan, was brutally attacked and raped in 1975 has haunted him every day of his life. When Amir was youngerRead MoreClass Inequality In The Kite Runner1320 Words   |  6 Pagesthin g for humans not to be seen as equal, whether it be be a person s race, belonging to a certain religious or ethnic group, or social status. It shouldn’t be that way, but that’s the predicament that society finds itself in. In the novel, The Kite Runner by Khaled Hosseini these problems are evident throughout the book. Taking place in war torn Afghanistan and the safe haven of the United States, Amir and his father Baba face the struggle of transitioning from the upper class lifestyle in AfghanistanRead MoreThe Kite Runner By Khaled Hosseini1434 Words   |  6 Pagesconnections that one makes in life are often a result of pre-existing relationships of family members. It is most common that children growing up form their first friendships with fellow children of family friends. Khaled Hosseini’s prized novel, The Kite Runner, reveals the controversy that surrounds the relationship of two central characters, Amir and Hassan. Both have fathers who share a long hist ory. Amir and Hassan grow up together and appear, on the surface, as close friends. Yet, there are variousRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book And The Mountains Echoed By Khaled Hosseini2562 Words   |  11 PagesHosseini. This thesis will deal with the characters and the emotions they portray throughout the book. The book was published in 2013 and received a favourable response overall. It later on became a bestseller like the author’s other two books: ‘The kite runner’ and ‘A thousand splendid suns’. Within a short span of 5 months, it sold over 3 million copies. Being his pattern, Hosseini drew on his early experiences in Afghanistan to create the foundation of this book. The book begins with a betrayal and

Tuesday, December 17, 2019

Project Management A Project Manager - 2515 Words

A Project manager is the individual who has the general obligation regarding the fruitful start, arranging, outline, execution, checking and controlling. The work s title is used every bit a component of the evolution, construction planning, data innovation and a broad scope of commercial project that deliver items and giving medications. The project supervisor must take in a mix of aptitudes including a mental ability to ask entering inquiries, recognize implicit suppositions and resolution clashes, and also more broad administration abilities. A Project manager can extraordinarily influence the achievement of our successful project. We demand to go with someone who has a top to bottom learning of the development business and also solid initiative and choice making aptitudes. Furthermore, having background managing Funds and spending plan administration can serve to spare time and empower project to be completed on time and on a huge spending plan. The undertaking manager should comprehend what sorts of development gear to get and the amount to spend on distinctive parts of the project. The effective development project director must possess the mental ability to set up and manage a whole project all the directions, while involving the fitting precautionary measures to minimize hazards in the construction field and keep up the good relationship with Labors. Good development project manager to deliver a broad variety of aptitudes and experience to avail them to run a groupShow MoreRelatedProject Management : A Project Manager Essay1533 Words   |  7 PagesIn project management, there are many methods to handle how the project should be completed, how an ethical situation should be handled, what types of decisions should be made. Furthermore, how much knowledge the project manager should possess, their focus of completing the job on budget and schedule, and understand the scope, as well as, knowing how to communicate. When I completed OGL 320: Foundations of Project Management, I understood the hard work the project manager had to endure to completeRead MoreProject Management Project Manager Project1011 Words   |  5 PagesProject managers cannot, and must not, do everything. They must rely on the project team to complete the project work. Project managers must find ways to motivate the project team to complete the work. There is a tendency, in many projects, for the project team to be very excited about the project at the start and then excitement wanes as the project moves toward completion. The project manager must coach and mentor to develop the project team to ensure the excitement, willingness, and dedicationRead MoreProject Management For A Project Manager Essay1460 Words   |  6 Pagesavailable to support the project manager In order to run a project, the manager needs support with different things such as resources, tools and methodologies. Project Resources In order to make a project, the project manager needs some help with the project resources. Resources like information will be useful to Feltram Solutions Inc. as current information is required in order to develop new project and features of it. With the help of old/current information, the manager can include new functionsRead MoreProject Management : A Project Manager1684 Words   |  7 Pages CT5022 Project Management ASS 1 Identify and discuss attributes that you consider to be key to the role of an IT project Manager, focusing on how these attributes combine to facilitate good project management. Jennifer Quinn s1306997 Identify and discuss attributes that you consider to be key to the role of an IT project Manager, focusing on how these attributes combine to facilitate good project management. â€Æ' Identify and discuss attributes that you consider to be key to the role ofRead MoreProject Management : A Project Manager1747 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Project management (PM) is the vocation of seeing that projects are completed on time, within budget, and perform to the standard that the stakeholders are expecting. There are PM degrees available at the Associate, Bachelor, Graduate, and Ph.D. levels of study; degrees are available on campus and online from many well-known and highly rated institutes. However, many employers view the Project Management Professional (PMP) certificate as even more important than a degree. Project managersRead MoreProject Management : A Project Manager1120 Words   |  5 PagesProject management involves carefully organized and planned efforts channeled towards the accomplishment of a particular task. Projects encompass activities such as implementing new computer systems or constructing a new office. Projects require careful monitoring from the start to the completion. One person mandated to take charge of projects is a project manager. Project managers experience complications from project manag ement. The challenges arise from the dynamic environment in which the managersRead MoreProject Management : The Project Manager1292 Words   |  6 PagesHowever, ethically, no person should be singled out for project failure unless it is the project manager. In the end, he or she is the one assigned the ultimate task of ensuring the project is completed. Although the project manager is in charge of ensuring the task gets completed, sometimes a task can fail despite the project manager’s best efforts. In these cases of project incompletion or failure, it should be said that the team failed. This is the most ethical result in this sense becauseRead MoreProject Management : A Project Manager1030 Words   |  5 Pagesbetween a project manager and a project leader. This is because a good project manager really is a good project leader. He or she has gone through specific training to take them from just being a project manager to being an influential and motivational project leader. There are these additional skills a project manager has to develop to take them from simply being a project manager to a project leader who inspires people to higher achievements and accomplishments and not just managers of their workRead MoreProject Management : Project Manager2272 Words   |  10 PagesIdeally, the requirement for an IS project would be specified in some detail before planning begins. If the requirement is not detailed enough, what steps can the project manager take to improve the likelihood of the project’s success? If the project manager does not know what the requirements for a project are, he can’t effectively begin to make a project plan. The level of detail required changes depending on the scope of the project. The more complicated the project (i.e. the larger the scope), theRead MoreProject Management : A Project Manager2065 Words   |  9 PagesA project is managed by a project manager. It has to be managed so there will not be any mistake during the production. A project manager has to be an organized, and enthusiastic person who can lead the project to success. A good project managers make the goal by their own and they use their skills and share their purpose to the project team. Becoming a project manager is difficult. They have a lot of roles to maintain the project running fluently. They should calculate all the things needed for

Monday, December 9, 2019

Mental Health- Nursing for Neurodegenerative - myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theMental Health- Nursing for Neurodegenerative Disease. Answer: Dementia is the umbrella term that is used for several symptoms including loss of social, behaviour and cognitive skills and changes in the brain structure. The most common cause of dementia is not known to be Alzheimers disease. It is the progressive neurodegenerative disease of brain that severely damages the neurons, resulting in memory impairment, loss of executive skills, decreased ability to make decisions, altered speech and language difficulties. Currently, there is no permanent cure for Alzheimers disease. However, the symptoms can be improved temporarily by medications and management. It is necessary to help the patients of Alzheimers to manage the activities of daily living independently. The aim of the assignment is to develop the holistic care plan for Alzheimers disease. This is done by watching a movie and relating the same with the clinicians, researchers and their trials. The assignment presents the overview of the Alzheimers disease, the main theme of the movie name d Still Alice, the clinical manifestations of the disease, current prevalence, influence of the cultural and spiritual factors on disease, treatment modalities, ethical dilemma associated with it and lastly recommendations for movie and disease. Still Alice is the movie based on Alzheimers disease, which illustrates the people about the sufferings of patients. The story is centered on Alice Howland, smart, confident and talented women living a happy married life with three children. She works as linguistics professor at University of California, Los Angeles and is an independent woman. Alice spends her free time with word games. Her life changes as the symptoms of Alzheimers tend to emerge. While teaching on several occasions she failed to recall words, and lost the speech sequences. Alice did not stop at these problems. She communicates with her youngest daughter Lydia about her future and career plan. On a usual day in New York, Alice unexpectedly lost herself. She tends to wander on streets, not knowing where to go and forgetting location. She somehow managed to get back to her house. Later on some more symptoms emerged that ultimately made her realise that something was wrong with her health. She visited the doctor and on presenting her health issues, several laboratory and diagnostic tests were conducted. She was diagnosed with Early-onset Alzheimer's disease. Alice was shocked by her diagnostic results and was devastated to know the genetic nature of her illness. The risk of transmitting the disease to her children was the biggest catastrophe for Alice. She met her daughters and family to announce abou t her diagnosis. She recommends her children to undergo health assessment and examination. Lydia, her youngest daughter refused to do the test. Her son was negative, while her elder daughter was positive. As the disease started to progress, Alice faced challenges with her job. She was unable to teach her students in usual organized manner. The students failed to comprehend her ideas and link with the study syllabus. It made them feel uncomfortable and the class turned noisy. Eventually, the diseases worsened Alices professional, social and married life. The disease was challenging and made her life really hard. Alzheimers disease includes three stages and slowly progresses through each stage. The three different stages are early stage where the symptoms are mild, followed by middle-sage, where the disease progress moderately and in last stage, the disease turns severe. The symptoms of this neurodegenerative disease, worsens over time, where the symptoms in each patient is manifested differently. According to Stages of Alzheimer's (2016), a person diagnosed with Alzheimers can live for 4-8 years. As the factors of the disease vary from person to person, a person may also live upto 20 years with Alzheimers. Alzheimers makes a patients life very challenging with increasing episodes of forgetfulness, difficulty word recall, wandering and lost. The patient suffers from anxiety and depression, with deterioration of the professional, social and personal life. It increases social isolation and loneliness while depriving the patients of their independence and self esteem. An individual with Alzheimers also struggle with the cultural and spiritual influences, which also have impact on the family and community. Spirituality has subjective nature and it is difficult to define this intangible multidimensional concept (Dyson, 1997). As per the literature evidence the people with Alzheimers fail to accept the illness, and they lose meaning of life. They struggle to find the purpose of life. They tend to lose interdependence, and the transcendence. The beliefs of the disease vary from culture to culture. In African/ American community, mostly people belief that it is normal to demonstrate the symptom s of Alzheimers with aging. In this community, People cope up with their illness by praying to God. In Islam, people consider everyone as similar irrespective of illness. Guided by Quran and Sunna, a Muslim must fulfil his or her responsibility towards others and parents, with love, support and sympathy. People with illness are not viewed from different perspective in this community and care each other as they care Allah. They respect their God by caring for ill elders. There is increasing incidence of Alzheimers in UAE. The prevalence of the disease is also increasing in different parts of the world. It is also highlighted in the National newspaper, that the Alzheimer cases may soar high by 2030 (Carroll, 2014). Based on the current statistics it is estimated that, by 2030 the number of cases of Alzheimers and other memory-loss disorders may increase from 4,300 to 32,000 (Carroll, 2014). The contributing factors of the Alzheimers are genetic predisposition, ageing, cardiovascular diseases like hypertension, diabetes as risk factor and severe head injuries. The pathophysiology underlying the cardiovascular disease is the increasing risk due to diabetes that damages the heart and blood vessels. Alzheimers results due to damage of blood brain vessels. There are multiple evidences on exacerbation of diseases. As per the International Diabetes Federation, currently in UAE, around 19.3% of the population are living with diabetes (Diabetes facts, 2011). T hroughout the UAE there is an increase in Diabetes awreness initiatives, development of different prevention and management programs. In US the Alzheimers disease was recognised to be the 6th leading cause of death, in 2016. Currently, the strength of Americans living with Alzheimers exceeds 5 million. Every 66 seconds a person is newly diagnosed with Alzheimers (ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE FACTS AND FIGURES , 2016). As Alzheimers is the progressive neurodegenerative disease, there is no permanent cure to prevent the progressive death of the brain cells. No treatment has been proved to be effective in delaying the onset or clinical manifestation of the disease. Alzheimers severely damages the cognitive function, which ultimately leads to behaviour and psychosocial stress in patients. The disease affects memory, speech, organising and planning ability, language, and ability to judge, logical thinking, reasoning ability and awareness. The behavioural symptoms may occur at later stages of the disease. In early stage, a patient is more likely to demonstrate the irritability, anxiety, and depression. In the last stage the sleep disorder is manifested, where the patients experience insomnia, like conditions. Insomnia is the condition characterised by wakefulness at night due to trouble falling asleep. In the later stages, hallucination and agitation becomes a frequent episode, where a patient may see o r feel things that are unrealistic to other people. Delusions are other common clinical manifestations of Alzheimer in later stages, where a patient cultivates false beliefs about situations or events. Both pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment is available for these symptoms. The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) and the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), has approved three drugs for treating the cognitive symptoms of Alzheimers. Cholinesterase inhibitors are drugs administered to preserve adequate amount of acetylcholine. It helps in facilitating the nerve cells communications. The drug breaks the acetylcholine into chemical messenger for nerve cells and is essential for learning and memory. Donepezil (Aricept), is one such drug. It is approved for use in mild stage of Alzheimers disease in 1996 and in 2006, it was approved for administering in severe stage (Alzheimers Association , 2015). Thr other drug rivastigmine (Exelon) is used for management of the mild to moderate stages and galantamine (Razadyn) is also administered in these stages. In several cases, Cholinesterase inhibitors have been found effective and were highlighted in Alzheimers Society that this drug showed beneficial effect in 40-70% patients (Alzheimers socie ty, 2015). The drug Memantine (Namenda) belonging to glutamate regulator category is also approved to treat the Alzheimers symptoms particularly delusions and aggression. Glutamate acts as messenger and is released in high amount in respond to nerve cell damage in brain. In some cases, the combination of donepezil and memantine, is administered. It was approved for use in 2014 as it was found effective in managing patients with moderate to severe symptoms. In the movie Still Alice is taking this combination of drugs. According to Consumer Reports Best Buy Drugs, (2012) these drugs have side effects and people in 20 to 25 percent of cases stop taking the medications. One such drug that is avoided recently fir its side effects is tacrine (Cognex). It damages liver and is thus rarely prescribed nowadays. The minor side effects of the drugs prescribed in Alzheimers includes diarrhea, nausea, headache, vomiting and dizziness. Severe side effects of these drugs include gastric ulcer, dizz iness, slow heart rate, unusual weakness and seizure. Therefore, the physicians must be careful when administering these drugs and consider the other health problems of the patients.

Monday, December 2, 2019

Sylvia Plath Research free essay sample

Plath was born in 1932 during the peak of the great depression when unemployment soared over 20%. Although she was subject to a life filled with hardships and anguish, Sylvia allowed those hardships to shape her as a socially adept young woman. Plath excelled academically, and allowed her writing to be influenced by her rough past. After marrying a fellow poet Ted Hughs and having two children, she published hundreds of works that told of her tragic life and unreasonable thoughts. Soon, poetry wasn’t enough to keep Plath sane after an affair and divorce and she ended her life in 1963 after many failed attempts. Through and through, Sylvia Plath was a very bright, mid-20th century poet who will remain forever famous for her proficient achievements in writing, trying marriage, and history of abuse and suicide. Sylvia Plath hailed from Boston, Massachusetts. Her father, Otto, taught and meticulously studied biology at Boston University. We will write a custom essay sample on Sylvia Plath Research or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Otto fell extremely ill in the late 1930’s and ended up diagnosing himself with lung cancer. He refused to seek medical advice for his condition because of the lack of advanced medicine. In 1940, after dealing with the horrible aliment for years, Otto was left with no choice but to visit a medical professional because of an advanced and crippling infection in his foot. The doctor visit was a shocking one that revealed Otto had actually been living and poorly cooperating with very advanced diabetes. Ottos leg had to be removed developing gangrene to prevent the infection from spreading, and he lived out the remainder of his days in the hospital in a disappointing condition. Otto Plath passed away on the evening of November 5, 1940. After hearing the news of her beloved father’s death, the mature 8 year-old proclaimed, â€Å"I’ll never speak to God again†. The death of her father was the inspiration for much of her later years of poetry. Sylvia Plath’s mother, Aurelia, had a very complicated relationship with her daughter. Sylvia often claimed to hate her mother within her works of writing. Sylvia believed that, in a way, her father killed himself by not visiting the doctor when he should have this upset and dismayed her deeply. Plath was very adept in the field of learning and understanding and had been two years ahead in school since she was small. After a move from the coat to inland Massachusetts with Aurelia’s parents, Sylvia enrolled in her new school hopes that learning about familiar topics and being with children her own age would assist in numbing the pain of her recent life changes. Sylvia Plath continued to be very confused by her father’s passing despite her simple schooling. She continued to write and publish her works and art in the school newspaper. When high school rolled around, she entered a class with a very tough English teacher who challenged her brain in great ways. In 1949, Plath and another student from the rigorous English class wrote a response to an article in The Atlantic Monthly titled A Reasonable Life in a Mad World. The article stated that man must rely on the ability to reason in order to further society. Plaths response argued that, â€Å"beyond reason, one needed to connect with and embrace inner divinity and spirituality to fully live†. Finishing out high school, Plath always earned spectacular marks and gained recognition as a writer, artist and editor. When Sylvia was a senior, her original story And Summer Will Not Come Again was published in Seventeen magazines. She also worked very hard to publish her own poem nationally when â€Å"Bitter Strawberries was placed in The Christian Science Monitor in 1950. Sylvia Plath only found success in her young writing career after hours of laborious writing and even more hours spend submitting her articles and short stories to various newspapers, magazines, and publishers. More often than not, Plath would receive a burning rejection, which would make her lose faith in herself as a writer. She developed a cycle which consisted of stress, which often lead to illness. That illness would cause her to become more depressed, which would stress her out to a greater degree. This became an all too familiar slippery slope. Slowly, but surely, her wounds would heal when she did win a publication contest or come upon other means of success. In the later part of 1950 Sylvia enrolled in Smith College in North Hampton, Massachusetts. She continued to build up her reputation as a respected writer by publishing in large-circulation works such as Seventeen . In 1952, she won Mademoiselles college fiction contest with her short story Sunday At The Mintons. Throughout her college years, Plath also searched for a soul mate almost to the extreme of being labeled promiscuous. Her most serious relationship throughout college was with Dick Norton. However, she also became victim to periodic waves of depression, insomnia and thoughts of suicide, as her sinister journal entry shows: To annihilate the world by annihilation of ones self is the deluded height of desperate egoism. The simple way out of all the little brick dead ends we scratch our nails against. I want to kill myself, to escape from responsibility, to crawl back abjectly into the womb. One day Sylvia’s mothers became aware of healing scars along her daughters . When she asked about them, Sylvia admitted, â€Å"I wanted to see if I had the guts and explained I want to die! She was taken to see a psychiatrist within the next few days. Following many sessions and a diagnosis of severe depression, Plath was subject to the most modern means of treatment at the time, electroshock. Her first treatment began on July 29, and she developed insomnia and a harsh immunity to sleeping pills. On August 24, 1953 Sylvia was left alone, and then smashed the family lockbox to take several of the sleeping pills that had been kept away from her. Sylvia then left a note that told her family that she went for a walk. After this, she entered a crawl space under the porch and ingested about 40 of the forbidden sleeping pills. When the Plath family learned of Sylvia’s absence, an all-out search was launched and the city and nation was made aware of the missing women. Days later, the story continued to circulate in newspapers, including the information about the sleeping pills that Sylvia’s mother had discovered. Aurelia explained that her daughter had been upset over her inability to write as of late. Sylvia was finally found just a few days later when somebody heard moaning coming from her hiding place. She was rushed to a hospital in a pathetic half-coma state. Within a few months of electroshock treatment, Sylvia Plath was returned home and continued her study at Smith College. In April of 1954, Plath began to write poetry again after her long dry spell. She also began to bleach her hair a magnificent, platinum blonde to go with her â€Å"new persona†. The spring of 1954 was one to behold for Sylvia Plath. She was granted a $1,200 scholarship for her next year in attendance at Smith College; she also was awarded a grant to attend a Harvard Summer School. She also won a prize to commend her talent for writing poetry, which greatly lifted her spirits. During the later months of the year at Harvard, she entered into a strange affair with a much older man. She continued to date the older man; even after she claimed that he raped her and almost caused her to bleed to death. This was the beginning of a long string of semi-abusive lovers. Sylvia then sailed to England and attended classes at Cambridge while furthering her career and love life. The hectic schedule of hers eventually caused her chronic illnesses. Plath confessed in her dairy that she saw most British men as pallid, neurotic homosexuals whom she had no interest in perusing. Sylvia spent the holiday season roaming Europe with an old American fling. Though she wanted the relationship between the two to strengthen and intensify, he felt the exact opposite-and was even seriously involved with another woman. It was easy for the loss of a loved one like this to bring back the lonely memories of her late father, and Sylvia fell back into a deep depression. One night she attended a party in celebration of the launch of a Cambridge magazine. Along with many other poets, Ted Hughs was one of Plath’s greatest inspirations. After arriving at the celebration, she laid eyes on a â€Å"big, dark hunky boy, the only one huge enough for me, and had to know everything about him right away. Hughs and Plath finally met in person and seemed to have the same kind of feisty personality that would perfectly suit the other. While walking back to the college in a daze from her recent rendezvous, a male friend who saw the couple together warned her of Hugh’s seductive ways, she disregarded. Ted Hughes had earlier written a short poem about a jaguar. In response, over the next days, Plath wrote a poem titled Pursuit in which a woman is being stalked and chased by a jungle cat. Sylvia spent much time with the â€Å"dreamy† Hughs throughout that spring and the two even started to discuss a marriage. Sylvia Plath and Ted Hughs were secretly wed on June 16, 1956 in London as to not jeopardize Sylvia’s grants and scholarships. The new husband and wife spent that summer on the coats of Italy and Spain enjoying their youth and happiness. They wrote, studied, swam, and enjoyed the small town. Sylvia wrote a great amount of upbeat poetry this summer, including: Fiesta Melons, Alicante Lullaby, The Goring, The Beggars, Spider, Rhyme, Dream With Clam Diggers, and Epitaph For Fire And Flower. Sylvia told a good friend (in secrecy) about an episode of rage that Hughs had in which he attempted to strangle her. She also stated that she wanted death to come upon her, but it did not. This is when she started to question the seemingly perfect marriage. The next August, after returning to England from their various trips, Plath finally met her in-laws for the first time. The Hughes family was very interested in things like horoscopes and hypnosis. Sylvia found this way of living enthralling. Ted and Sylvia Hughs spent the summer of 1959 traveling and enjoying America on their drive to visit Sylvias Aunt Frieda in California. Sylvia and Ted made a stop in Montana where a bear broke into their car and ransacked the area for food. The strain of the Hugh’s marriage became evident when Sylvia wrote the poem â€Å"The Fifty-Ninth Bear† in which a bear breaks into the couple’s car and mauls Sylvia’s husband to death. That December, after Plath discovered that she was pregnant, she and Ted made way for England. After living with Teds parents for a short while, Plath and Hughes moved into a small apartment in London in the winter of 1960. Ted and Sylvia Hughs continued to write in the nine months of her pregnancy and Plath even published a book. Sylvia Hughs gave birth to Frieda Hughs at seven pounds and four ounces. Her baby girl was named after her beloved aunt. On January 17, 1962 Sylvia birthed a nine pound eleven ounce boy named Nicholas. She noticed how disappointed Ted seemed to be with the boy and he became very distant in the weeks following the birth. Plath, as an early release, began to write in the very tired hours of the morning. The Spring after her son’s birth, she wrote Little Fugue, An Appearance, Crossing the Water, Among the Narcissi, and â€Å"Pheasant. Two poems were written following a visit from David and Assia, a couple which lived in a neighboring apartment. During their visit, Sylvia became very distraught at how openly Ted and Assia seemed to flirt. She said nothing, but rather wrote. After returning home from an outing with her mother one morning, Sylvia entered her home to the phone ringing and rushed to answer it. Ted, in a panic, also rushed to the phone but fell down the stairs. When Sylvia picked up, she heard a woman attempting to change her tone of voice, but Sylvia easily recognized the voice. It was Assia. After Ted spoke very few words and hung up, Plath ripped the phone wire from its socket. She knew all too well what that call meant. The reason for Ted’s strange outings had also become clear. As the droll London winter dragged on, Sylvia’s depression only was worsened. On the morning of February 11, 1963, She headed downstairs and, after sealing the entry ways in her kitchen. She knelt over the gas stove and turned it on. Her body was discovered by the nurse who was scheduled to check up on her that day. The depression had won. Only six months before her suicide, she wrote in her journal of feeling â€Å"outcast on a cold star, unable to feel anything but an awful helpless numbness. I look down into the warm, earthy world. Into a nest of lovers beds, baby cribs, meal tables, all the solid commerce of life in this earth, and feel apart, enclosed in a wall of glass. Plath was laid to rest on February 16 in the Hughes family cemetery in Heptonstall. Since Hughs and Plath were still technically married, Ted became the heir to her estate. Just one month before Sylvia Plath’s (or technically Hugh’s) suicide, the novel â€Å"The Bell Jar† was published. The thinly veiled auto biography describes and seemingly happy and intelligent Esther, who writes for a living, attends various parties, and revives many gifts from her publisher. Esther, however, is horribly upset and unhappy in her current life. Esther wonders why women are, from birth, predestined to be a miserable housewife. The struggling writer wonders why men are free to experiment without tarnishing their reputation like women do when they express sexual freedom. This novel has been described as a feminist coming-of-age story that â€Å"uses a chronological and necessarily episodic structure to keep Esther at the center of all action. Other characters are fragmentary, subordinate to Esther and her developing consciousness, and are shown only through their effects on her as central character. (Gale Cengage). There is also evidence to support that the book is not realistic fiction, but an auto biography. â€Å"[The Bell Jar] is†¦also highly autobiographical, and at the same time, since it represents the views of a girl enduring a bout of mental illness, dishonest. Plath never solved the problem of providing the reader with clues to the objective r eality of episodes reported through the consciousness of a deranged narrator. † (Phoebe Lou-Adams). Plath’s poetry was written in a usually very dark manner due to her father’s death and husband’s affairs. Her history of being unhappy and promiscuous also contributed to her sinister style of writing. Sylvia Plath’s strides in the field of literature, difficult marriage, and tragic suicide have impacted the lives of many and open up the eyes of America to what really insanity is. She will be remembered for her neurotic genius yet level headed facade. Her poetry was dark and very reflective upon her horrid life but is valued today as a national treasure. â€Å"Is there no way out of my mind? † pleaded Plath. Apparently there is a way out-through death.

Wednesday, November 27, 2019

Foreshadowing What is Foreshadowing How to Use it (Sneakily)

Foreshadowing What is Foreshadowing How to Use it (Sneakily) Foreshadowing: What is Foreshadowing How to Use it (Sneakily) Without foreshadowing in your bookyou run the risk of an unsatisfying story.Let’s be honest, how many of us pick up a book, read half of it, get busy and never get back to it?Life or other books get in the way and, well, as good as that book was, we were never really hooked. There was nothing compelling us to read to the end.No harm, no foul, right?Wrong.When you’re the author of that halfsOne of the best ways to learn any skill, including foreshadowing, is to look at examples and understand why they were done.Here are some of our top foreshadowing examples (you probably recognize) that you can learn from in order to put these writing tips to use.Foreshadowing Example #1 Nightlock in Hunger GamesBy now, we all pretty much know the story of Katniss Everdeen, the selfless sister who bravely sacrificed herself as a Hunger Game competition in order to save her younger sister.This series has a number of fantastic foreshadowing examples, but one that sticks out to us the mos t is the prevalence of nightlock, a poisonous berry that causes death upon consumption.These are the instances in which the use of nightlock is used as foreshadowing:In the beginning of the book, we learn that Katniss is well #2 Obi #3 Lennie Killing in Of Mice and MenIf youre familiar with Of Mice and Men (meaning, if your teachers made you read it in school), you know that Lennie, a mentally delayed man, kills his puppy by being too rough with it #4 The Prologue in Game of ThronesIf youve read George R.R. Martins Game of Thrones, you know just how vital the prologue of the series is- they even recreated this perfectly in the HBO show.The White Walkers in Game of Thrones are among the biggest threats in the world Martin has created. They become the center of conflict and dread.Martin foreshadows this from the very, very beginning by narrating some men venturing beyond the wall, all thinking the White Walkers are just a myth- a legend meant to scare children at bedtime.The end of the the prologue in Game of ThronesDuring this prologue (spoiler alert), all the men, aside from one man of the Nights Watch, are killed.This single man runs away (from The Wall) and is intercepted in Winterfell as a deserter, where he tells this story to those who dont believe him. This is the key foreshadowing moment of the potential horror the white walkers induce in this series.The Power of Foreshadowing and the Writer’s 6th SenseLet’s talk about one of the greatest plot twists in modern cinematic history: The 6th Sense.Before I go on, spoiler alert!.. you have been warned!If we weren’t prepared for the surprising fact that Bruce Willis’ character was actually dead, we’d meet that final, climactic reveal with confusion and anger. Instead, M. Night Shyamalan painstakingly prepares us with visual effects like one’s misty breath when a ghost appears, he has Haley Joel Osment tells out outright that some ghosts, â€Å"Don’t even kno w that they’re dead,† and when the reveal finally happens, it’s met with a montage of all the moments that M. Night Shyamalan foreshadowed that shocking plot twist.And most of us still left the theatre going: â€Å"I didn’t see that coming.†What none of us did do was leave the theater disappointed or confused, saying, â€Å"Well that came out of nowhere.† Make no mistake, when used correctly, foreshadowing can be more of your most powerful tools in keeping your reader hooked.How to Use Foreshadowing in Your NovelThere are five common foreshadowing techniques that will never get old.Use them wisely and readers will be hooked for life (and give you those 5-star Amazon reviews).#1 ProphecyWith ultimate power comes ultimate†¦knowledge? Wait†¦that’s not right.But what is right is that as the author, you possess god-like powers over your characters. You make them do, say or think anything. You know what is going to happen to them down to the last word they utter. You’ve seen it all.You can see the future!Trouble is, it’s all in your head.That’s when you can use a prophetic character or event in your book to foreshadow what’s coming. It could come in the form of an actual prophet screaming from the hilltops that the ‘end is nigh’†¦ and then the end actually becomes nigh.Or some wise old man who says something like, â€Å"When I was a young lad, those dark clouds meant a storm was coming.†One example of this foreshadowing in books is Professor Trelawney in J.K. Rowlings Harry Potter.Professor Trelawney is seen as a fraud by many (if not all) of her students, particularly when she has her episodes. However, Rowling wrote this in such a way that you as a reader also dont believe what shes saying is truewhen in fact, it is.Whatever you choose to do, use your secondary characters in your book to prophesize (foreshadow) events yet to come.# 2 Chekov’s Gun There is an old rule in writing, known as Checkovs Gun: If you see a gun in Act One, it better go off in Act Three.I find that the opposite is equally true. If a gun goes off in Act Three, you better have shown it earlier.By focusing on some detail, especially one that isn’t immediately obvious as important, you are essentially giving your reader a heads up that this will come back in some significant way later on in the story.A famous (non-gun) example of this is the Nightlock poisonous berries in the Hunger Games, as we mentioned in the examples above. At the climax of the book (spoiler alert), Katniss threatens to commit suicide by eating the berries.This is foreshadowed three times:First, at the beginning of the book when we see her out in the wilderness, foraging for food. We learn that she knows what’s poisonous and what’s not.The second time occurs at the Capital when she is training for the Games. In that scene, we actually read about Nightlock.The third time is when, during the Games, Katniss finds a dead tribute who accidently poisoned herself by eating the berries.We saw the gun, ahhh, I mean berries, several times before that big climactic moment.And because of that, we knew they’d be important (and we also didn’t think, â€Å"Well, isn’t that convenient† when they did show up.In other words, the author foreshadowed that big final moment.#3 OmensRed sky at night, shepherds delight. Red sky in the morning, shepherds warning.OK, so if your main character is a shepherd and it’s about to go down, then delight your readers with a dawn that lights the sky blood red.What are omens?Omens, or common cultural symbols, can be extremely effective tools when foreshadowing a coming plot point.Here are some examples of common omens in fiction:A black cat for bad luckA four-leaf clover for good luckWalking under a ladderFinding a penny heads upA crow symbolizing deathNOTE for foreshadowing with omens: You do n’t have to stick to omens from our world. Make them up! For example, if you’re writing a novel thats set in some magical kingdom or a distant planet, ask yourself, â€Å"What are the ‘omens’ they have?†It could be anything†¦ touching a Minotaur’s horn, seeing a mermaid, the three moons simultaneously appearing in the morning sky, etc.,†¦Just make sure that whatever you decide, you adequately explain it to the reader, too.#4 I Got This Weird FeelingThree characters walk into an abandoned cabin. One of them says, â€Å"I got a bad feeling about this†¦Ã¢â‚¬  and BOOM!You’re away to the foreshadowing races!Here’s the literary schtick: In real life, when your mom calls you because she had a bad dream about you getting hit by a bus, it’s just her being overprotective. (Jeez mom, chill. I’ll look both ways when I cross the road. I promise.)But in fiction, if a character’s mother calls them with t hat same bad dream, it better be foreshadowing events to come (or don’t include that little tidbit at all).#5 Outline your book for better foreshadowingIts very, very hard to drop foreshadowing hints if you have no idea where your book is going.For that reason, outlining your book will help you create much stronger (and sneakier) foreshadowing elements. Think of it this way: the more you know about your own story, the better foreshadowing bits and pieces you can leave behind in order to hide them better from your readers.#6 Flashbacks/Flash ForwardsSetting a scene outside of the narrative timeline can also be an effective foreshadowing tool.For example, you could have a flash forward scene with a sinking ship, then return to the story’s present time, three hours earlier, and the reader can watch with delight as the hero boards that very same ship.Oh boy- someone gonna drown!Or, a character could walk into a room and smell a strange, meaty odor that leads to a flashba ck of a time when he was fighting a gang of cannibals who were barbequing his buddy.Oh wait- someone is getting grilled!These elements are very helpful in creating foreshadowing but remember that flashbacks and flash-forwards should also show up elsewhere in your novel instead of just for a single foreshadowing event.So there you have it, foreshadowing and all its mighty powers. Use this tool wisely, young Padowan, and I promise, you’ll have your reader frantically turning the pages until the glorious end.Are you ready to write a bestselling novel?If youre ready to write a book that leaves readers with their jaws on the floor, heres where you can start.

Saturday, November 23, 2019

The History of the Compass and Other Magnetic Innovations

The History of the Compass and Other Magnetic Innovations A compass is an instrument containing a freely suspended magnetic element that displays the direction of the horizontal component of Earths magnetic field at the point of observation. Its been used to help people navigate for many centuries. Located in the same part of the public imagination as sextants and telescopes, its actually been in use for a lot longer than the sea voyages that discovered North America. The use of magnetism in inventions doesnt stop there, though; its found in everything from telecommunications equipment and motors to the food chain. Discovery Large deposits of magnetic oxides were found in the district of Magnesia in Asia Minor thousands of years ago; their location led to the mineral receiving the  name of magnetite (Fe3O4), which was nicknamed lodestone. In 1600,  William Gilbert published De Magnete, a paper on magnetism that details the use and properties of magnetite. Ferrites, or magnetic oxides, are stones that attract iron and other metals. These are natural magnets and are not inventions. However, the machines that we make with magnets are inventions. Magnetic Compass The magnetic compass is actually  an old Chinese invention, probably first made in China during the Qin dynasty (221–206 B.C.). Back then, the Chinese used lodestones (which align themselves in a north-south direction) to construct fortune-telling boards. Eventually, someone noticed that the lodestones were better at pointing out real directions, which led to the creation of the first compasses. The earliest compasses were designed on a square slab that had markings for the cardinal points and the constellations. The pointing needle was a spoon-shaped lodestone device with a handle that would always point south. Later on, magnetized needles were used as direction pointers instead of the spoon-shaped lodestones. These appeared in the eighth century A.D.- again in China- and between 850 and 1050. Compasses as Navigational Aids In the 11th century, compasses use as navigational devices on ships seemed to have become common. The magnetized-needle compasses used in navigation could be wet (in water), dry (on a pointed shaft), or suspended (on silk thread) and were used by voyagers, such as those traders who traveled to the Middle East, and were used by early navigators to locate the magnetic North Pole or pole star. Electromagnetism In 1819,  Hans Christian Oersted  reported that when an  electric current  in a wire was applied to a magnetic  compass  needle, the magnet was affected. This is called  electromagnetism. In 1825, British inventor William Sturgeon (1783–1850) displayed the power of the electromagnet by lifting nine pounds with a seven-ounce piece of iron wrapped with wires through which the current of a single-cell battery was sent. This device laid the foundation for large-scale  electronic communications, as it led to the invention of the telegraph. It also resulted in the invention of the electric motor.   Cow Magnets U.S. patent #3,005,458 is the  first patent  issued for a cow magnet. It was issued to Louis Paul Longo, the inventor of the Magnetrol Magnet, for the prevention of hardware disease in cows. If cows happen to consume scrap pieces of metal, such as nails, when theyre feeding, the foreign objects can cause internal damage to their digestive tract. Cow magnets keep the metal pieces confined to the cows first stomach, rather than traveling to the later stomachs or intestines, where the fragments can cause the most damage.

Thursday, November 21, 2019

The debasement of the coinage Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The debasement of the coinage - Research Paper Example Coins have been used as collectors’ items and mediums of expression, but largely used as currency since historical times. Historical minting techniques are still being used, though nowadays people leverage on technology for efficiency. Precious metals and mints require techniques used to ensure that the value of the constituent precious metal does not exceed the face value of the coin. Understanding these techniques plays a critical role in understanding inflation control. Introduction The use of precious metals as a medium of exchange is said to have began in Egypt, though this took the form of rings, wafers and bars.According to Vincent Lannoye, Lydia, nowadays referred to as Turkey, was the first smelter of small ingots having a royal seal to certify legality and weight (19). Rulers quickly integrated these micro-ingots into their economies. The Lydian people accepted payments in electrum metal, which is an alloy of gold and natural silver. These micro-ingots developed into coins that were minted by masculine men who could strike blank discs to leave engravings that certified the origin of the coins. Through the centuries, coin making, referred to as coinage, improved fast. More regular coins became available through the replacement of the bank discs with regular laminated metal plates. Later, quasi-uniform coins came into existence with the replacement of the hammer with the screw-press and furthered the adoption of the rolling-press, which was rotated by horse power. Minting Minting of coins has been a precise and well-guarded function of selected mints commissioned and governed by respective authorities in various countries. From the outset, the minting procedure involved producing precise blanks with defined weights and composition and producing coin-striking tools. Principally, these requirements still hold from historical times, as observed by the Marshall Cavendish Corporation, only that the methods have been improving with technical progress a nd industrialization (507). Historically, the Lydian people poured the molten electrum into suitable forms, starting from simple moulds to more complicated ones. In the 16th Century, the thickness of metal sheets was reduced through hammering with the blanks cut out using shears, then filed and hammered to the desired thickness and weight. The period about 1550 saw a German silversmith, known as Marx Schwab, invent screw pressing. This involved two heavy iron screws pressing the coin metal so as to achieve the desired thickness. Roller-mills facilitated the production of uniform metal strips from which metal punches cut the blanks (Christopher Howgego 76). The mechanized form of this technique still finds application in modern coin minting. The Industrial Age discovery since 1830 allowed hundreds of circulation coins to be produced in a minute, with modern mechanical mints adopting even faster speeds. Therefore, the United States Mint, the manufacturer and distributor of American co ins, has its modern process borrowed from this history. The mint punches blanks from coiled metal strips, referred to as blanking. This would then be softened through heating in an annealing furnace, and then taken through a washer and dryer. The blanks then pass through an upsetting mill onto a coining press that stamps the inscriptions and designs to guarantee genuineness. The resultant coins would then be inspected for quality, counted and bagged. Governments have throughout the history supplied more coins than would be possible if the coins were made of pure precious metals. Normally, some portion of the precious metal used to make the coin would be replaced by a base metal. Howgego states that copper and nickel are some of the commonly used base metals (43). This in turn reduces the intrinsic value of the coin, referred to as â€Å"debasing.† This way, authorities produce a lot more coins that it would have been otherwise possible. C. E. Challis observes that the coins i n circulation could have fiat values lower than the

Tuesday, November 19, 2019

Relationship among Economic Growth, Inflation and Stock Market Dissertation

Relationship among Economic Growth, Inflation and Stock Market Return-----Empirical analysis on UK - Dissertation Example The information aids in investment and capital budgeting decisions. The stock returns significantly interact with other economic determinants or macroeconomic variables. Major determinants include interest rates, inflation, and the country’s GDP. According to Franc and Young: â€Å"A positive relationship between stock prices and exchange rates with direction of causation running from exchange rates to stock prices can be explained as follows: a domestic currency depreciation makes local firms more competitive, leading to an increase in their exports† (Franck and Young, 1972). The macroeconomic environment is in a constant state of change. Inflation and economic growth are the two key elements that influence contemporary macroeconomic performance. Variables which served as tremendous indicators or assessment tools yesterday can mean nothing today. So many factors die and are born, economists must first commit to keep up with changes of the times. The market capitalizati on provides a current outlook of where the agency is financially in the market. â€Å"Market capitalization is calculated by multiplying a company's shares outstanding by the current market price of one share. The investment community uses this figure to determine a company's size, as opposed to sales or total asset figures† (Value Click, 2013). Macroeconomic potential outputs cannot consider unforeseen determinants including the environment or supply and demand. However, the variables serve as an outline at best, comparing the actual from the potential. Multiple regression uses independent variables to calculate values for one variable. The interpretations of the data serve four major purposes (Thomas, 2006): recognize the components of a changing landscape, expose the needs imposed by the change, and empower to adapt to the changes in the market. A regression analysis of market rates with determinants as the variables measure the impact of the determinants on the UK exchang e rates over time. Stock market return rates over time are a reflection of the mentality of the government, investors and the commonwealth of a country. Any indicators, variables or determinants of exchange rate movements can be linked to at least one, if not all three of these groups. Exchange rate volatility is expensive because fluctuations suggest instability. It suggests impending inflation or a rise in interest rates. Whether either of the events will actually happen does not matter. Just thinking they will is sufficient to stop investors from investing and consumers to stop spending. Inflation, interest rates and the financial health of a country are the output of the thinking processes of its people. These three determinants, with a focus on the stock market of the United Kingdom (UK), will be the focus of this study. Price stability also has a prominent effect on economic growth, thus influencing exchange rates. Economists generally accept that there is a positive relations hip between the stock market and economic growth. Therefore, the discussion on the relationship of the stock market return, economic growth and inflation is of high significance both for practice and development. Many economists have used basic economic theories, and conducted empirical study on their relationships. For the purposes of this study, the stock market data from the United Kingdom

Sunday, November 17, 2019

Bangladesh Labor Law 2006 and 7 General Codes of Conduct Essay Example for Free

Bangladesh Labor Law 2006 and 7 General Codes of Conduct Essay Since the adherence to international social standards has become a mandatory requirement in the international business arena, the local suppliers have to be compliant to these standards in order to remain in business. There have been some significant revisions to the Bangladesh Labor Law in 2006. This newly revised law already covers a lot of the common standards like employment conditions, occupational health and safety issues as well as the ILO core labor standards. Besides being complaint to the national labor law, the suppliers must also adhere to the international standards. These international standards may be defined through their individual buyers’ codes of conduct or general codes of the conduct. Compliance to the buyers’ codes of conduct is mandatory but compliance to the general codes of conduct is optional unless the buyer accepts a specific general code as a substitute for its own audits or requirements. These voluntary monitoring or verification initiatives have taken root since the 1990s to add legitimacy and credibility to companies’ social and environmental compliance programs. The comparative analysis shows that the Bangladesh Labor Law 2006 significantly covers majority of the requirements of the different general codes of conduct. This indicates that if a factory is 100% compliant to the national law, it will cover approximately 85% of the requirements of the other general codes of conduct. Hence RMG factories should be encouraged to improve their compliance with the national law as a first step towards meeting the compliance demands of the brands and retailers who they supply to. The analysis does reveal that a few requirements are not fully or partially covered by the national labor law. It should be noted that the components which are not fully covered by the Bangladesh Labor Law are either covered by the Bangladesh Constitution or are not directly applicable in the Bangladesh context. This study clearly reveals that the revised Bangladesh Labor Law along with other supporting national legislations such as the Bangladesh Building Code and the Environmental Conservation Rules as well as the overall constitutional framework of Bangladesh, provides a comprehensive guideline for factories in the RMG sector to comply with majority of all international social compliance and environmental standards. By being 100% compliant with the national labor law, a supplier has significantly met majority of the international requirements. The Bangladesh Labor Law has gone through some majority revisions in 2006 which has made it into a strong piece of legislation. However, it is not still 100% perfect. There are still few gaps and lackings which need to be adjusted and amended in the future. As implementation of the revised law is ongoing, numerous other deficiencies might gradually be identified over time. Since recent revisions just took place, another series of revisions are not anticipated in the near future. This comparative analysis of the newly revised Bangladesh Labor Law 2006 and seven general codes of conduct clearly illustrates where the commonalities and differences are. Overall, the recent revisions to the Bangladesh Labor Law and other national legislations that are associated with the RMG sector such as the Bangladesh Building Code and the Environmental Conservation Rules jointly provide comprehensive guidelines for RMG suppliers to manufacture and export products under socially and environmentally responsible working conditions which also meet majority of all prevailing international standards. 2. 1 General Codes of Conduct Definition of Codes The interest in the social situation of workers in developing countries has increased constantly over the last years in particular under civil societies and consumers in the industrialized countries. Social criteria have become an important part of consumer and investment decisions of individuals and organizations and therefore also big brands and retailers become more aware of compliance to social standards. Since Bangladesh is part of 1 A comparative analysis between the Bangladesh Labor Law 2006 and seven general codes of conduct he global market social compliance is extremely relevant for the export-oriented industry of Bangladesh, especially for the RMG sector. For competitiveness in the global markets, the compliance with environmental and social standards is a key point. Through modern information and communication technologies the economic activity of companies becomes increasingly transparent and makes it easier for the civil society to uncover and communicate social and ecological failure of multinational companies. Companies know about the vulnerability of their brand names and messages concerning bad working conditions can easily damage their image as well as the market position. A social responsible management policy is therefore in the long-term interest of the enterprise. However companies can have a positive influence on the economic development in the target countries through the introduction of social standards and on the same time improve their image and market share through social and ecologically responsible behavior. To address these issues voluntary monitoring or verification initiatives have taken root since the 1990s to add legitimacy and credibility to companies’ labor compliance programs. They are all voluntary, meaning that companies opt to participate in them. Each requires member companies to adopt its respective workplace code of conduct and verifies that they have complied with organizational requirements. Today, some industries have developed or are developing codes for the entire industry. That can be best seen for the apparel and footwear sector. General Codes of Conduct as well as buyers’ codes are very common in this industry. These codes of conduct are rules, which companies impose upon themselves in order to embody social and ecological goals in the enterprise. Companies formulate these rules mostly for itself and partly also for the suppliers and orient themselves with the formulation at the international regulations and agreements already mentioned. Codes of conducts may also be recognized as useful instruments to build on the companies’ image. A lot of companies are participating in this initiatives to show their interests in improving the working conditions of their business partners/suppliers across the global. Fair trade and buying practices are a competitive advantage for many businesses. The codes show their commitment to this process. Codes of conduct may be developed through a multistakeholder approach such as ETI etc. or companies may have their own codes of conduct which are specific for their suppliers or codes could be sector specific such as for garments, food, electronics etc. 2. 2 Basis of codes Social compliance can be measured in relation to a certain standard. Concerning environmental and quality management a multiplicity of standards and certification systems already exist. The introduction of examinable social standards represents however a new challenge. Internationally recognized social standards exist, e. g. ? United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights UN Convention on Childrens Rights UN Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination against Women ? ILO Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work ? Rio Declaration on Environment and Development However these are guidelines and recommendations which can be converted voluntarily. Standards that can be certified only exist to a small extent. Most of the codes refer to these mentioned international standards, especially the ILO core labor standards. The ILO formulates international standards in the form of conventions and recommendations setting minimum standards of basic labor rights: Freedom of association The right to organize 2 A comparative analysis between the Bangladesh Labor Law 2006 and seven general codes of conduct Collective bargaining Abolition of forced labor Equality of opportunity and treatment Besides the above mentioned standards, there are other standards regulating conditions across the entire spectrum of the work related issues. These principles are concretized in eight ILO conventions, in each case two for the four fundamental principles mentioned (see table 1). The ILO conventions are obligatory only if they are ratified by the member states. The entire number of the ratifications increased in the last years noticeably and varies depending upon convention in the order of magnitude between 148 and 172. Until July 2007, 128 countries had ratified all eight conventions. Bangladesh has ratified seven out of the eight core conventions. Table 1: ILO Core-Conventions and ratifications in Bangladesh1 Standard Freedom of association and bargaining Elimination of forced and compulsory labor Elimination of discrimination Abolition of child labor Convention Convention 87 (Freedom of association) Convention 98 (Right to organize; collective bargaining) Convention 29 (Forced labor) Convention 105 (Abolition of forced labor) Convention 100 (equal remuneration) Convention 111 (employment and occupation) Convention 138 (Minimum age) Convention 182 (worst forms of child labor) Ratification Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Codes of practice develop frequently from public pressure or are preventively developed. In addition to the mentioned core labor standards these codes include general working conditions like occupational health and safety, minimum wages, leave days and working hours. Other common aspects include women’s rights or environmental standards. Also the implementation of a management system can be a requirement. 2. 3 How codes evolved The overall aim of social standards is to protect the workers. During the industrialization in Europe they evolved as a reaction to bad working conditions in the newly emerging factories. The depletion of large parts of the workforce moved child labor, forced labor, freedom of association and collective bargaining as well as women’s rights in the centre of public attention. Socially responsible behavior this means also ecologically responsible behavior has its starting point predominantly in the developed industrialized countries. The observance of social standards must be further supervised also in these countries. The by far larger action needs lie however in developing and emerging countries. Through the increasing world-wide division of labor large parts of the production chain are located in developing countries which have deficits with the observance of social standards. While working abroad companies are supposed to be compliant to the legal regulations. In developing and emerging countries legal regulations do not always correspond to the domestic standards of the companies. So it can be difficult for companies to combine national legislation and generally recognized basic values. Even if the legislation in developing and emerging countries corresponds to the standards of the industrialized countries there are deficits in monitoring and implementation of the standards. 1 Refer to the ILO website: http://www. ilo. org/ilolex/english/docs/declworld. htm. 3 A comparative analysis between the Bangladesh Labor Law 2006 and seven general codes of conduct However an internationally defined and recognized social standard does not exist. Thus different stakeholder came up with the idea of codes of conduct to verify the compliance to international social standards. Social standards are extremely important in an industrialized world. Nowadays due to financial benefits, most companies outsource their production to developing countries where compliance to social standards is not as important. The problem is that consumers and respective governments ask for socially responsible behavior and working conditions and often the suppliers and governments of the developing countries cannot enforce or ensure compliance to these international standards. This issue has become a concern for the companies located in Europe and the USA and hence the companies came up with formulating codes of conduct which their suppliers have to adhere to if they want to do business with them. Companies started off by developing their own codes of conduct. Then gradually as the codes evolved, many companies teamed up with NGOs, trade unions, academia etc. to formulate common codes of conduct. Most general codes of conduct were developed with this multistakeholder approach. 2. 4 †¢ Classification of codes epending upon the standards they contain (all codes have similar requirements but differ in the definitions/design and some have also additional requirements e. g. waste management or anti-bribery policy); depending upon which organization or institution introduced the code and who controls the observance (companies, enterprise federations, trade unions, NGOs, management consultations or testing institutes); depending upon their members and their prevalence. Within these four categories subjects were identified as well as indicators to measure the implementation and coverage of the subjects. The indicators were selected according to the most common aspects of the general codes as well as the Bangladesh Labor Law. 2 Please refer to Annex I for a broad overview on the general codes of conduct. 4 A comparative analysis between the Bangladesh Labor Law 2006 and seven general codes of conduct Subjects of Codes of Conduct ILO Core Labor Standards Employment Conditions Occupational Health and safety

Thursday, November 14, 2019

Power in Frankenstein :: essays research papers

Most people agree that Victor Frankenstein holds the most power in the text. In creating the monster, he not only has the power to create life but also the power to, indirectly, save or destroy others lives. Critics of his character speculate that Justine could have been saved had be only confessed his actions in Ingolstadt. However, the creature also holds considerable power. For example, he held power over Justine’,s fate when he incriminated her with the necklace. He holds some power over the De Lacy family, as it is his actions in collecting firewood that decide whether or not Felix must work as heavily during the day. In turn, the De Lacy family hold power, unbeknownst to them, over the creature, so much so that he commits himself to living in what is little more than a wooden box for a year. The creature’,s hopes for the future lie entirely on this family, and power of this nature is perhaps the strongest type of power anybody could exert over another being. This is due to the fact that the one who is controlled, ie, the creature, does not realize this and so will never attempt to free themselves from the hierarchy they find themselves in. But it is also evident that someone, or something, exerted great control over the De Lacy family, as they are living an impoverished, isolated lifestyle. The creature’,s account of the family’,s history discovers this fact to the readers, that was in fact the French government. Given the time period, 17--, this is presumably patriarchal to the extreme. While for a while it could be supposed that Felix held power over the government, as he assisted in Safie’,s father’,s jail break, but the latter caught up with him and ultimately ruined him and his family. On this train of thought, Felix’,s family hold power over Safie’,s father, but only while he is imprisoned. Once he is freed, the tables turn, and he breaks his promise to Felix of his daughters hand in marriage. Coming form an Eastern society that is suggested to be even more patriarchal than the Western European culture, a power struggle ensues between Safie, who wishes to marry Felix, and her father, who wants her to return home with him. What is most interesting is the fact that it is Safie, with the assistance of another woman, who eventually gets her own way.

Tuesday, November 12, 2019

Critical Evaluation Of An Emergency Plan Health Essay

In this essay, a critical rating of an exigency program is made. This is the generic exigency program of Holy Trinity School located in Bristol. This will be covered in Part A. In Part B, a brooding analysis of my experience as a participant in a table top exercising is made. It will besides analyze the effectivity of the exercising in comparing with other types of exercisings.Part AThere are a figure of ordinances that have been set out by the authorities to guarantee that the hazards of exigencies happening are mitigated and the authorities have besides met a figure of guidelines that organisations need to follow when they are outlining their exigency program for their organisation or topographic point. This essay will critically measure the exigency program that has been adopted by the Holy Trinity School, ( Bristol ) . Audit Commission Emergency Planning Self Assessment Tool and Preparing for Emergencies ( referenced in the ulterior portion of the assignement ) have been used as a footing of measuring the exigency programs. Critical remarks are highlighted in bold refelcting the appraisal of the emergecny program. Harmonizing to the Civil Duty Act stated in Emergency Preparedness ( 2005 ) there are three basic maps that all organisation must follow with. First, all organisations must guarantee that there are programs in topographic point to guarantee that exigency state of affairss are prevented. This includes taking preventative steps to guarantee that even if the exigency does occur so there are stairss in topographic point to guarantee that the exigency does non acquire out of manus and it can be handled by the organisation. Organizations must besides guarantee that all stairss are taken to seek and forestall the event from taking topographic point. From the position on the exigency program for Holy Trinity Primary School, instruction plays a really of import function in every person ‘s life and parents non merely set all their religion in schools in supplying this cognition to their childs but besides to safeguard their childs whilst making so in the premises of the school. This duty is taken attention of by the staff in charge in the schools, the governor and the other caputs of school. In the exigency program papers of Holy Trinity School, they have identified a figure of different hazards that can happen in the school and have taken preventative actions in order to guarantee that the chance of this hazards from happening are minimum, delight see APPENDIX 1 for more inside informations ( Holy Trinity Primary School, 2005 ) . Therefore their initial appraisal and bar for the hazards that may do exigencies are effectual and good documented. The 3rd map that the school must make is to guarantee that they maintain a program to guarantee that action is taken harmonizing to it in instance of an exigency. This will besides include in covering with the secondary impacts of the exigency. For illustration the school must hold a backup program in topographic point to guarantee that they can cover with the media, public, parents of the school. In Holy Trinity ‘s exigency program they have non included how they are traveling to cover with the parents, imperativeness, media and the populace if an exigency on a big graduated table does happen. The school must take action in order to amend their program to guarantee that they do hold a subdivision which inside informations how and who will manage the secondary impacts of the incident. The graduated table of the exigencies and their actions should besides be documented in the exigency action programs harmonizing to the ( Emergency Preparedness 2005 ) . This will assist those who are in the exigency direction squad to entree the hazards and act harmonizing to the graduated table of the hazard. Holy Trinity school has outlined the different types of hazards that the school is exposed to, for illustration they have dividend exigencies into two classs major and minor, but one of the drawbacks of this subdivision is that there is no item description on how to manage these two different state of affairss ( Holy Trinity Primary School, 2005 ) . This is necessary as those involved would necessitate to cognize what actions and stairss are needed to be carried out in instance of a major incident or in instance of an minor incident. Furthermore the exigency direction program should besides be Risk Driven, harmonizing to Blanchard and Lawrence ( 2007 ) have suggested that exig ency plans must be hazard driven which means that those involved in the twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours direction of hazards must utilize sound hazard direction techniques in order to guarantee that all the hazards are accurately identified, assessed, prioritized, mitigated and the right figure resources are attached to the peculiar hazard. Hazard directors should place all types of hazards which would include both adult male made and natural events that can happen. These appraisals should be made on the exposure of the factors that would play an of import function in doing the exigency. This has been good documented in the school ‘s exigency plan where they have outline all the factors that they think adult male and natural events that can present as an jeopardy and have mitigated these hazards separately, which is an effectual preventative measure. Another major rule of exigency planning is integrating. Harmonizing to Blanchard and Lawrence ( 2007 ) all the activities in incorporating the exigency should be integrated by all the member of the squad and the organisation so that persons at all degrees of the organisation know what their portion is when an exigency occurs. For illustration in the school ‘s state of affairs the wellness and safety section should organize with the exigency and medical squads and guarantee that they have regular plans that are in topographic point and are practiced sporadically to guarantee everyone knows what the program is in the clip of an exigency. This portion has been really good executed by the school ‘s exigency plan where they have a list of people who are involved in the hazard and exigency plan and each of their names and their duties are given besides their names ( Holy Trinity Primary School, 2005 ) . Flexibility is another of import characteristic of the exigency direction p rogram, therefore the exigency trough must happen advanced and flexible thoughts in work outing catastrophes and should guarantee that these methods comply with the standard authorization for wellness and safety. The directors need to be knowing is the Torahs, policies and processs and pull a figure of programs for different sort of exigency state of affairss. This will guarantee that the organisation is covered from all sides in instance of exigencies. Finally one of the last rules of exigency direction is to do certain that all those who are involved in the exigency direction squad are good qualified to manage assorted wellness and safety jeopardies. All persons must be given equal preparation sing different sort of state of affairss such as a fire or chemical jeopardy. The school has non provided any inside informations sing the preparation and cognition that the people involved within the squad have in order to manage assorted sorts of catastrophes ( Robert & A ; Andrew 2001 ) . It is indispensable that all the staff are trained and good equipped and hence each one will cognize which person has specialized in what sort of jeopardy. We shall now look into what are the existent elements of the exigency program and if Holy Trinity School complies with the elements that have been provided by the Cabinet office Emergency Preparedness program. Harmonizing to the Emergency Preparedness the chief elements of the exigency program are aims, information about the specific jeopardy, the existent execution program for the exigency, all the processs associating to the program, people and their undertakings, the designation of the legal facets at all the different phases of the jeopardy, topographic point where major of the exigencies will be handled and in conclusion all the contact inside informations of those who are involved in pull offing jeopardies in the organisation ( Robert & A ; Andrew 2001 ) . After critical review of Holy Trinity School ‘s exigency program it has been noticed that most of the elements laid down by the Cabinet office is present on their program but there are certain elements losing such as th e Stand down processs sing the incident. The school have besides failed to implement the preparation agenda of the staff in their exigency program even though this is non perfectly necessary, I would personally experience and it is expected that the direction should hold their preparation agenda in the program so that every person knows what their specialisation is sing to a peculiar jeopardy ( Emergency Preparedness 2005 ) . Now that the existent elements of the program have been scrutinized, the communicating degree of the school will now be evaluated in the event of an incident. Firstly it is of import to inform all the people within the school of the possible jeopardies and information on how to manage the state of affairs should besides be available. Within this context, the school fails to inform people within the school in covering with specific jeopardies. Even though the school does hold a hebdomadal fire dismay drill, they have non taken the clip to inform employees and pupils on how to really undertake specific jeopardies if they happen. This is a important portion of the exigency program and must be adopted in immediate affect in order to guarantee that those in the premises are self cognizant on how to manage a catastrophe ( School Emergencies 2005 ) . Second depending on the degree of the exigency different parts of the populace will be addressed. It is of import that when the exigency does happen a communicating officer must take charge of the communicating that takes topographic point between the organisation and the populace. It is of import that a interpreter of the organisation takes charge of informing the populace. Initial communicating must be between the exigency squads, victims, constabularies and the ambulance services in order to incorporate and curtail the harm caused by the incident ( School Emergencies 2005 ) . Close household should so be informed about the affair and they must be kept informed at a regular footing. The interpreter must be familiar with the legal facets of the state of affairs and should move in conformity before facing the media with statements to the populace ( cabinet office 2005:44 ) . In Holy Trinity school ‘s exigency plan the communicating officer has been identified and he is responsible for all communicating that takes topographic point between the school and the populace. In the concluding phase is the recovery subdivision of the exigency program. Harmonizing to which it is critical for the organisation to guarantee that there are stairss in topographic point so that after the event concern continuity can take topographic point. This should be done through the designation of the critical facets of the organisation and guarantee that these services are up and running every bit shortly as possible. In the instance of the school instruction the pupils is the critical component and hence all attempts must be made to guarantee that categories can get down every bit shortly as possible without endangering the safety of the staff and the pupils ( School Emergencies 2005 ) . Holy Trinity school has ignored this subdivision of the exigency program as there is no description of how the school ‘s is traveling to get by through the recovery from the catastrophe. It is indispensable for the school to place and be after their scheme as to how they are traveli ng to acquire the services to run every bit shortly as possible after an exigency has occurred. This program would assist accelerate the passage from the catastrophe to normalcy. To reason even though Holy Trinity School has a really brief exigency program they have described some of the critical subdivision of an exigency program but on the downside they have a figure of amendments to be made and a figure of subdivisions that need to be included in their exigency program. Most of their description about the exigency program has been really brief and short and they need to be more elaborative on each of the topics that have been outlined in their papers in order for everyone to acquire a clearer apprehension of the assorted elements such as the hazards, extenuation of hazards, engagement, communicating, execution of the program and eventually the recovery ( Emergency Preparedness 2005 ) . This will assist them to cut down the likeliness of an exigency from happening and will besides guarantee that even if it does it will be controlled.

Sunday, November 10, 2019

English and International Integration Essay

International integration is a process by which countries remove barriers to trade freely and absorb new technology, new culture†¦ outside national borders. In the integration period, English is considered a bridge linking countries together. Nowadays, nearly 4 billion people all over the world use English as their first or second languages. Fluency in English has become an indispensable skill in the context of economic integration today. In my opinion, English not only helps you to extend the scope of communication but it also brings you many other benefits. Firstly, mastering English allows people to be kept informed of the latest news about fashion , sports, science or politics. For example; 80% of the Websites on the Internet in English and popular Newsletters on TV like BBC or CNN in English. You can update the newest fashion style of the week, the hottest news about a football match at the World Cup or the latest information of the upcoming Iphone. That’s why you easily become fashionable as long as you use English. Secondly, English offers you great chances for career promotion. Thanks to the International integration, many foreign companies have invested in our countries. They also join Vietnamese companies to do business. So English competence is the priority for big companies to hire staffs as well as considering employees for higher positions. Although there’s no official statistics on the correlation between English proficiency and wages, it’s pretty clear that the oppotunities always open wider for English candidates. Therefore, learning English is very important in the age of integration .And I don’t hesitate to share some tips on English learning with you . 1. Spend at least one hour everyday listening to news or discussion programs such as CNN news or BBC news. It’s hard to understand what they are saying when you first begin to listen to them, but gradually you’ll get used to the speed and tone. Then you can get a brief idea of what they are talking about, although you can’t get all the details. 2. Watch some English TV and listen to some English radio. TV and radio are the best and most inexpensive teachers to learn real English. Not only you can learn formal English from  news or debate TV programs, but you can also learn everyday English from soap operas, cartoons or comedies. 3. Spend more than two hours every day on reading English news or articles. Reading builds up your vocabulary, idioms, phrases, and the concepts of English structures. If you do enough reading, it will save you a lot of time since you won’t need to spend more time on building your vocabulary or grammar. Read out loud when you do your reading to improve your pronunciation at the same time. 4. Make some pen pals or native-English friends and write to them at least once everyday. The best way to improve your writing is to practice writing as much as you can. The more you write the more you know how to use what you’ve learned from reading and listening. 5. Make friends with speakers. This is the most difficult task because of the difference in culture, but you can’t really master English unless you can have good conversations with an American or Briton. Remember to ask a lot of questions to keep the conversation going. When someone asks you a question, give more than just basic information. For example, if someone asks you â€Å"Do you like living here?† don’t just answer â€Å"Yes† or â€Å"No,† but tell them why, too. 6. Think in English. Getting used to using English all the time will make it easier to listen and react with it. Follow these small tips can make it easier for you to learn English. In conclusion, eventhough English has already played an important role in our lives since Viet Nam was a full member of the WTO. This, may somehow, affect Vietnamese. But to catch up with the speed of the world’s development, we need to take the risk, learning English as much as we can, and not forgetting to keep the beauty of Vietnamese.

Thursday, November 7, 2019

Ergonomics Essays - Ergonomics, Computer Peripherals, Chairs

Ergonomics Essays - Ergonomics, Computer Peripherals, Chairs Ergonomics What is ergonomics? Ergonomics is the science of fitting the job to the worker. When there is a mismatch between the physical requirements of the job and the physical capacity of the worker, work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) can result. Workers who must repeat the same motion throughout their workday, work in an awkward position use a great deal of force to perform, repeatedly lift heavy objects or face a combination of these risk factors are most likely to develop WMSDs. In this report, I will outline the main factors in having a safe workstation. Sitting-Chair There are certain ways in which you may choose an ergonomically correct chair. Does the seat feel comfortable and fit you shape? When you sit in the chair the seat should be at least one inch wider than your hips and thighs on either side. The seat should not be too long for your legs otherwise it will catch you behind the knees or it will prevent you from leaning fully back. Most ergonomic chairs have a seat with a front that prevents the seat from catching you behind the knees. The seat should also be contoured to allow even weight distribution and it should be comfortable to sit on. Is the seat chair height adjustable? The chair should be adjustable so that you can adjust seat height while you are sitting on the chair. Some chairs have a mechanical height adjustment (spinning) mechanism. Does the chair have a comfortable lower back rest? Many chairs have cushioned lower back supports that can be adjusted up and down and forwards and backwards to fit your shape. If the chair has a fixed height lower back support and it feels comfortable when you sit back against this then a fixed lower back support may be acceptable. When you sit back against the lower back support is there space for hips? Insufficient hip room can make you sit too far forwards on the seat so that you will not have enough thigh support. Does the seat still feel comfortable after you've been sitting in it for 30 - 60 minutes? If the seat is made from foam then continuous use can cause it to become deformed and then it will not provide cushioned support. Insufficient cushioning and inappropriate contouring can cause discomfort and hip and back fatigue. Is the tilt of the seat adjustable? In some situations it can be helpful to change the tilt of the seat pan to help to maintain a healthy seated posture. Does the chair have a 5-pedestal base? The chair should have at least a 5-pedestal base with casters that glide freely over the floor surface. You may also want to choose a chair that swivels ea sily. Do you need armrests on your chair? If so, are the armrests broad, cushioned and comfortable? While sitting can you adjust the height of the armrests and can you move the armrests closer together or further apart? Typing- Keyboard In the ideal typing posture both static and dynamic muscle loads are minimized. This posture is achieved when the keyboard is below seated elbow height and the keyboard base is gently sloped away from the user so that the key tops are accessible to the hands in a neutral posture. In this position the arms, shoulders, neck and back can relax, especially during brief rest pauses. Also, in this slightly reclined sitting position the low back rests against the lumbar support of the chair, the elbow angle is opened to promote circulation to the lower arm and hand, the abdominal angle, and the popliteal angle (behind the knees) are opened to promote blood circulation. The feet rest firmly upon the floor. Looking-Monitor Optical glass glare filters on computer monitors can reduce health and vision problems related to computer glare and help boost productivity in computer users, according to a new Cornell University study. After using a glass anti-glare filter, the percentage of problems related to tiredness, trouble focusing eyes, itching/watery eyes and dry eyes was half what they were before filter use. This was true for people, who use computer monitors all day at work, said ergonomist Alan Hedge, who is the professor of design and environmental analysis and director of the Human

Tuesday, November 5, 2019

Hindenburg - A Giant and Luxurious Zeppelin

Hindenburg - A Giant and Luxurious Zeppelin In 1936, the Zeppelin Company, with the financial aid of Nazi Germany, built the Hindenburg (the LZ 129), the largest airship ever made. Named after the late German president, Paul von Hindenburg, the Hindenburg stretched 804-feet-long and was 135-feet-tall at its widest point. That made the Hindenburg just 78-feet shorter than the Titanic and four times larger than the Good Year blimps. The Design of the Hindenburg The Hindenburg was a rigid airship definitely in the Zeppelin design. It had a gas capacity of 7,062,100 cubic feet and was powered by four 1,100-horsepower diesel engines. Although it had been built for helium (a less flammable gas than hydrogen), the United States had refused to export helium to Germany (for fear of other countries building military airships). Thus, the Hindenburg was filled with hydrogen in its 16 gas cells. External Design on the Hindenburg On the outside of the Hindenburg, two large, black swastikas on a white circle surrounded by a red rectangle (the Nazi emblem) were emblazoned on two tail fins. Also on the outside of the Hindenburg was D-LZ129 painted in black and the airships name, Hindenburg painted in scarlet, Gothic script. For its appearance at the 1936 Olympic Games in Berlin in August, the Olympic rings were painted on the side of the Hindenburg. Luxury Accommodations Inside the Hindenburg The inside of the Hindenburg surpassed all other airships in luxury. Though most of the airships interior consisted of gas cells, there were two decks (just aft of the control gondola) for the passengers and crew. These decks spanned the width (but not the length) of the Hindenburg. Deck A (the top deck) offered a promenade and a lounge on each side of the airship which was nearly walled with windows (which opened), allowing passengers to watch the scenery throughout their trip. In each of these rooms, passengers could sit on chairs made of aluminum. The lounge even featured a baby grand piano that was made of aluminum and covered in yellow pigskin, weighing only 377 pounds.Between the promenade and the lounge were the passenger cabins. Each cabin had two berths and a washbasin, similar in design to a sleeping room on a train. But in order to keep weight to a minimum, the passenger cabins were separated by only a single layer of foam covered by fabric. Toilets, urinals, and one shower could be found downstairs, on Deck B. Deck B (the lower deck) also contained the kitchen and the crews mess. Plus, Deck B offered the amazing amenity of a smoking room. Considering that hydrogen gas was extremely flammable, the smoking room was a novelty in air travel. Connected to the rest of the ship through an airlock door, the room was specially insulated to keep hydrogen gasses from leaking into the room. Passengers were able to lounge in the smoking room day or night and freely smoke (lighting from the only lighter allowed on the craft, which was built into the room). The Hindenburgs First Flight The Hindenburg, a giant in size and grandeur, first emerged from its shed in Friedrichshafen, Germany on March 4, 1936. After only a few test flights, the Hindenburg was ordered by the Nazi propaganda minister, Dr. Joseph Goebbels, to accompany the Graf Zeppelin over every German city with a population over 100,000 to drop Nazi campaign pamphlets and to blare patriotic music from loudspeakers. The Hindenburgs first real trip was as a symbol of the Nazi regime. On May 6, 1936, the Hindenburg initiated its first scheduled transatlantic flight from Europe to the United States. Although passengers had flown on airships for 27 years by the time the Hindenburg was completed, the Hindenburg was destined to have a pronounced affect on passenger flight in lighter-than-air crafts when the Hindenburg exploded on May 6, 1937.